Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has rapidly integrated into educational environments, transforming how students and teachers interact with learning. Since the release of ChatGPT in late 2022, students have been using chatbots for homework assistance, while teachers employ AI tools to design lesson plans. The technology’s accessibility and intuitive interface, which requires no prior coding or training, have fueled its swift adoption. Its versatility allows it to perform a range of tasks, from drafting essays to creating engaging learning experiences within seconds.
The rapid uptake of GenAI in education comes with both opportunities and challenges. According to the OECD’s Digital Education Outlook 2026, AI can support learning when aligned with clear teaching objectives. However, relying too heavily on AI can bypass the productive struggle essential for deep learning. While students may complete tasks faster and achieve immediate results, this can hinder the development of cognitive stamina, sustained attention, and perseverance, potentially fostering disengagement and “metacognitive laziness” if not guided by pedagogical purpose.
Non-educational GenAI tools have limitations when applied to learning. Research indicates that while students using general-purpose AI may produce higher-quality responses, their exam performance often does not improve, and in some cases declines. In contrast, purpose-built educational GenAI tools, designed with pedagogical intent and grounded in learning science, demonstrate more promise. These tools can enhance learning outcomes when used as creative or collaborative partners or as virtual research assistants, supporting students in developing deeper understanding and skills.
Early trials of GenAI-powered tutoring assistants suggest significant potential to enhance teaching. Less-experienced tutors assisted by AI have shown improved tutoring strategies, resulting in greater student mastery of subjects such as mathematics. Similarly, interactive AI tools for teacher training have improved novice teachers’ preparedness and confidence. Although these findings are encouraging, further research is needed to evaluate effectiveness across diverse educational settings.
Looking forward, GenAI is not a cure-all for educational challenges. Its impact depends on how it is implemented, as it can amplify both effective and poor pedagogy. Governments and education systems must ensure that AI is used intentionally to enrich learning without replacing cognitive effort or undermining teacher judgment. Prioritizing purpose-built, rigorously tested tools co-created with teachers and students can help equip learners with essential GenAI literacy skills, preparing them for future labor markets and broader life success.
